﻿{"id":519,"date":"2012-10-12T01:48:00","date_gmt":"2012-10-11T20:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chayilyam.com\/stories\/?p=519"},"modified":"2012-10-12T01:48:00","modified_gmt":"2012-10-11T20:18:00","slug":"%e0%b4%86%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%af-%e0%b4%88%e0%b4%ae%e0%b5%86%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d-%e0%b4%87%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chayilyam.com\/stories\/%e0%b4%86%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%af-%e0%b4%88%e0%b4%ae%e0%b5%86%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d-%e0%b4%87%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d08\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u200d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41!!"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\">\n<div style=\"clear: right; float: right; 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\u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7e \u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2b\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d07-\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 X.400 \u0d38\u0d02\u200c\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d07\u0d7b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d02\u200c\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07-\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d02\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d42\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nethistory.info\/History%20of%20the%20Internet\/email.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d32\u0d4d\u200d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d\u200d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d   Ian Peter \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d32\u0d47\u0d16\u0d28\u0d02:<\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 300px; overflow: scroll; width: 620px;\">Email is much older than ARPANet or the Internet. It was never invented; it  evolved from very simple beginnings.<\/p>\n<p>Early email was just a small advance on what we know these days as a file  directory &#8211; it just put a message in another user&#8217;s directory in a spot where  they could see it when they logged in. Simple as that. Just like leaving a note  on someone&#8217;s desk. <\/p>\n<p>Probably the first email system of this type was MAILBOX, used at Massachusetts  Institute of Technology from 1965. Another early program to send messages on the  same computer was called SNDMSG.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the mainframe computers of this era might have had up to one hundred  users -often they used what are called &#8220;dumb terminals&#8221; to access the mainframe  from their work desks. Dumb terminals just connected to the mainframe &#8211; they had  no storage or memory of their own, they did all their work on the remote  mainframe computer.<\/p>\n<p>Before internetworking began, therefore, email could only be used to send  messages to various users of the same computer. Once computers began to talk to  each other over networks, however, the problem became a little more complex &#8211; We  needed to be able to put a message in an envelope and address it. To do this, we  needed a means to indicate to whom letters should go that the electronic posties  understood &#8211; just like the postal system, we needed a way to indicate an  address.<\/p>\n<p>This is why Ray Tomlinson is credited with inventing email in 1972. Like many of  the Internet inventors, Tomlinson worked for Bolt Beranek and Newman as an  ARPANET contractor. He picked the @ symbol from the computer keyboard to denote  sending messages from one computer to another. So then, for anyone using  Internet standards, it was simply a matter of nominating  name-of-the-user@name-of-the-computer. Internet pioneer Jon Postel, who we will  hear more of later, was one of the first users of the new system, and is  credited with describing it as a &#8220;nice hack&#8221;. It certainly was, and it has  lasted to this day. <\/p>\n<p>Despite what the world wide web offers, email remains the most important  application of the Internet and the most widely used facility it has. Now more  than 600 million people internationally use email.<\/p>\n<p>By 1974 there were hundreds of military users of email because ARPANET  eventually encouraged it. Email became the saviour of Arpanet, and caused a  radical shift in Arpa&#8217;s purpose.<\/p>\n<p>Things developed rapidly from there. Larry Roberts invented some email folders  for his boss so he could sort his mail, a big advance. In 1975 John Vital  developed some software to organize email. By 1976 email had really taken off,  and commercial packages began to appear. Within a couple of years, 75% of all  ARPANET traffic was email.<\/p>\n<p>Email took us from Arpanet to the Internet. Here was something that ordinary  people all over the world wanted to use.<\/p>\n<p>As Ray Tomlinson observed some years later about email, &#8220;any single development  is stepping on the heels of the previous one and is so closely followed by the  next that most advances are obscured. I think that few individuals will be  remembered.&#8221; That&#8217;s true &#8211; to catalogue all the developments would be a huge  task.<\/p>\n<p>One of the first new developments when personal computers came on the scene was  &#8220;offline readers&#8221;. Offline readers allowed email users to store their email on  their own personal computers, and then read it and prepare replies without  actually being connected to the network &#8211; sort of like Microsoft Outlook can do  today.<\/p>\n<p>This was particularly useful in parts of the world where telephone costs to the  nearest email system were expensive. (often this involved international calls in  the early days) With connection charges of many dollars a minute, it mattered to  be able to prepare a reply without being connected to a telephone, and then get  on the network to send it. It was also useful because the &#8220;offline&#8221; mode allowed  for more friendly interfaces. Being connected direct to the host email system in  this era of very few standards often resulted in delete keys and backspace keys  not working, no capacity for text to &#8220;wrap around&#8221; on the screen of the users  computer, and other such annoyances. Offline readers helped a lot.<\/p>\n<p>The first important email standard was called SMTP, or simple message transfer  protocol. SMTP was very simple and is still in use &#8211; however, as we will hear  later in this series, SMTP was a fairly na\ufffdve protocol, and made no attempt to  find out whether the person claiming to send a message was the person they  purported to be. Forgery was (and still is) very easy in email addresses. These  basic flaws in the protocol were later to be exploited by viruses and worms, and  by security frauds and spammers forging identities. Some of these problems are  still being addressed in 2004.<\/p>\n<p>But as it developed email started to take on some pretty neat features. One of  the first good commercial systems was Eudora, developed by Steve Dorner in 1988.  Not long after Pegasus mail appeared. <\/p>\n<p>When Internet standards for email began to mature the POP (or Post Office  Protocol) servers began to appear as a standard &#8211; before that each server was a  little different. POP was an important standard to allow users to develop mail  systems that would work with each other.<\/p>\n<p>These were the days of per-minute charges for email for individual dialup users.  For most people on the Internet in those days email and email discussion groups  were the main uses. These were many hundreds of these on a wide variety of  topics, and as a body of newsgroups they became known as USENET. <\/p>\n<p>With the World Wide Web, email started to be made available with friendly web  interfaces by providers such as Yahoo and Hotmail. Usually this was without  charge. Now that email was affordable, everyone wanted at least one email  address, and the medium was adopted by not just millions, but hundreds of  millions of people. <\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0d08\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u200c \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u200d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d08\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u200d \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d31\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d\u200d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 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